Benito mussolini: children, death & world war ii
Benito Mussolini was the fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 lớn 1943. Mussolini created an anti-democratic, fascist state in Italy through the use of propaganda. By using his total control of the media, he disassembled the existing democratic government system.
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Mussolini was born in Predappio, near Forli, in Romagna. His father, Alessandro, was a blacksmith, & his mother, Rosa Maltoni, was a teacher. Lượt thích his father, Benito became a socialist. He qualified as an elementary schoolmaster in 1901. In 1902 he emigrated to lớn Switzerland. Unable lớn find a permanent job there and arrested for vagrancy, he was expelled & returned lớn Italy to bởi his military service. After further trouble with the police, he joined the staff of a newspaper in the Austrian town of Trento in 1908. At this time he wrote a novel, subsequently translated into English as The Cardinal's Mistress. Mussolini had a brother, Arnaldo, who became one of the most important developers of the original fascist Idea.
In November 1914 he founded a new newspaper, Il Popolo d'Italia, & the pro-war group Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria. He evidently hoped the war might lead to a collapse of society that would bring him lớn power. Called up for military service, he was wounded in grenade practice in 1917 & returned to lớn edit his paper. Fascism became an organized political movement in March 1919 when Mussolini founded the Fasci de Combattimento. After failing in the 1919 elections, Mussolini entered parliament in 1921 as a right-wing member. The Fascisti formed armed squads lớn terrorize Mussolini's former Socialist colleagues. The government seldom interfered. In return for the tư vấn of a group of industrialists và agrarians, Mussolini gave his approval to lớn strikebreaking, and he abandoned revolutionary agitation. When the liberal governments of Giovanni Giolitti, Ivanoe Bonomi, & Luigi Facta failed lớn stop the spread of anarchy, & after Fascists had organized a demonstrative "Marcia su Roma" (October 28, 1922), Mussolini was invited by the king to khung a new government.
At first, he was supported by the Liberals in parliament. With their help, he introduced strict censorship và altered the methods of the election so that in 1925-1926 he was able khổng lồ assume dictatorial powers và dissolve all other political parties. Skillfully using his absolute control over the press, he gradually built up the legend of the "Duce (Il duce), a man who was always right and could solve all the problems of politics and economics. Italy was soon a police state. With those who tried to resist him, for example, the Socialist Giacomo Matteotti, he showed himself utterly ruthless. But Mussolini's skill in propaganda was such that he had surprisingly little opposition.
At various times after 1922, Mussolini personally took over the ministries of the interior, of foreign affairs, of the colonies, of the corporations, of the army và the other armed services, và of public works. Sometimes he held as many as seven departments simultaneously, as well as the premiership. He was also head of the all-powerful Fascist các buổi tiệc nhỏ (formed in 1921) & the armed Fascist militia. In this way, he succeeded in keeping power nguồn in his own hands và preventing the emergence of any rival. But it was at the price of creating a regime that was overcentralized, inefficient, và corrupt.
Most of his time was spent on propaganda, whether at home or abroad, and here his training as a journalist was invaluable. Press, radio, education, and films — all were carefully supervised to lớn manufacture the illusion that fascism was the doctrine of the 20th century that was replacing liberalism và democracy. The principles of this doctrine were laid down in the article on fascism, reputedly written by himself, that appeared in 1932 in the Enciclopedia Italiana. In 1929 a concordat with the Vatican was signed, by which the Italian state was at last recognized by the Roman Catholic Church.
Under the dictatorship, the parliamentary system was virtually abolished. The law codes were rewritten. All teachers in schools & universities had lớn swear an oath to lớn defend the Fascist regime. Newspaper editors were all personally chosen by Mussolini himself, and no one could practice journalism who did not possess a certificate of approval from the Fascist party. The trade unions were also deprived of any independence & were integrated into what was called the "corporative" system. The aim (never completely achieved) was to lớn place all Italians in various professional organizations or "corporations", all of them under governmental control.
Mussolini played up to lớn his financial backers at first by transferring a number of industries from public khổng lồ private ownership. But by the 1930's he had begun moving back lớn the opposite extreme of rigid governmental control of industry. A great khuyến mãi of money was spent on public works. But the economy suffered from his exaggerated attempt lớn make Italy self-sufficient. There was too much concentration on heavy industry, for which Italy lacked the resources.
As World War II approached, Mussolini announced his intention of annexing Malta, Corsica, and Tunis. In April 1939, after a brief struggle, he occupied Albania. Failing khổng lồ realize that he had more to lớn gain by trying to lớn hold the balance of nguồn in Europe, he preferred to lớn rely on a policy of bluff và bluster khổng lồ induce the Western democracies to lớn give way to lớn his increasing territorial demands. The fact that Italy had begun its military buildup before other powers became a disadvantage as, by 1939, its military infrastructure was becoming obsolete. His armed forces were completely unprepared when Hitler's invasion of Poland led lớn World War II. He decided khổng lồ remain "nonbelligerant" until he was quite certain which side would win.
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Only after the fall of France did he declare war on June 8, 1940, hoping that the war had only a few weeks more khổng lồ run. His attack on Greece in October was a military disaster, and his position in Greece required the assistance of German troops. Following Hitler, he declared war on the Soviet Union in June 1941 và on the United States in December 1941.
Following Italian defeats on all fronts và the Anglo-American landing in Sicily in 1943, most of Mussolini's colleagues (the Conte Ciano, his son-in-law, included) turned against him at a meeting of the Fascist Grand Council on July 25, 1943. This enabled the king to lớn dismiss & arrest him.
He was then sent khổng lồ Gran Sasso, a mountain recovery in central Italy (Abruzzo), in complete isolation.
Mussolini was substituted by the Maresciallo d'Italia Gen. Pietro Badoglio, who immediately declared in a famous speech "La guerra continua a fianco dell'Alleato Germanico" ("War continues at the side of our German allies"), but was instead working lớn negotiate a surrender; in a few days (Sep. The 8th) Badoglio would sign an armistice with allied troops.
Rescued by the Germans several months later in a spectacular raid by Otto Skorzeny, Mussolini phối up a Republican Fascist state (RSI - Repubblica Sociale Italiana) in northern Italy with him living in Gargnano. But he was little more than a puppet under the protection of the German Army. In this "Republic of Salo'", Mussolini returned khổng lồ his earlier ideas of socialism and collectivization. He also executed some of the Fascist leaders who had abandoned him, including his son-in-law, Galeazzo Ciano.
On April 28, 1945, just before the Allied armies reached Milan, Mussolini, along with his mistress Claretta Petacci, was caught by Italian partisans as he headed for Chiavenna to board a plane to escape lớn Switzerland. They were both shot on the spot along with their sixteen-man escort. Khổng lồ publicly confirm their deaths, the bodies were taken the next day to a service station in Piazzale Loreto (Milan) and hung upside down along with those of other fascists where their bodies were abused by the crowds. Mussolini's toàn thân was then taken khổng lồ Predappio và the family chapel.
The Duce was survived by his wife, Donna Rachele, by two sons, Vittorio and Romano Mussolini, & his daughter Edda, the widow of Count Ciano. A third son, Bruno, had been killed in an air accident while testing a military plane.
Mussolini's niece Alessandra, daughter of Romano Mussolini, has served as a deputy in the Republican Chamber representing the Alleanza Nazionale party for Naples.
Source: tìm kiếm Beat.
Portrait: Public domain via Wikimedia Commons. Photos with Hitler: USHMM và National Archives
